Introduced by douglas mcgregor, theory x and theory y talk about the diverging views that exist about how organizations function. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s 2. What might be less immediately understandable are the differing effects of theory x and y on resulting behavior and productivity. Mcgregors sets forth two alternative views of human nature first view are called theoryx and the second view is called theoryy. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y as far as mcgregor was concerned, this was a starting place, not a definitive set of universal rules to be adopted without question. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Mcgregor s theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor.
Both theories x and y are proposed by mcgregor which describe the workforce models which are contrasting in nature and which are used by reporting managers in organizational behaviour and human. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. The definitive guide stepbystep maslows hierarchy of needs.
Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor results. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Theory x and theory y team management training from. This entry first describes ising strategies for improved transfer in todays mcgregors theory x and theory y. Mcgregor himself held to the belief that theory y assumptions were more valid than theory x. Read this article to learn about mcgregors theory of x and theory y. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor.
I knew instinctively that mcgregors assessment of the traditional view management, which he names theory x, was true because i had worked in x environments for years, trying to run y divisions. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. How are mcgregors theories x and y and ouchis theory z used to explain worker motivation. Mcgregor s x y theory is a salutary and simple reminder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. The purpose of this study is to find the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on research performance of foundation university members in turkey on the number of articles published in science citation index and social science citation index. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour. Mcgregor recognized that x type workers are in fact usually the minority, and yet in mass organizations, such as large scale production environment, x theory management may be required and can be unavoidable. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self. Mcgregors xy theory remains central to organizational development, and to improving. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives.
The major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles. They are inadequate to realize all the human potentialities. Aug 05, 2019 theory x and theory y are considered as theories of human motivation at the workplace. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Theory x and theory y are considered as theories of human motivation at the workplace. Advantages of theory x and y the biggest advantage of using theory x.
Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Although nearly 50 years have passed since mcgregors initial formulation of theory x and theory y, the substantive validity of his theorizing on the effects of individual differences in. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog. We should emphasize that we have labeled these assumptions as a step beyond theory y because of mcgregors own recognition that the theory y assumptions would probably be supplanted by new. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of. Furthermore, there is a certain amount of confusion around. It is to mcgregors thorough research and curiosity in behavior and incentive that we owe our current understanding of theory x and theory y. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y.
Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y. Theory x is propounded by mcgregor, which indicates a set of assumptions, that an average worker is motivated to satisfy their own needs and not to contribute to the fulfilment of organisational goals. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. His work showed that thoughts and beliefs might influence behavio. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an authoritarian style of. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous x y theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s.
Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions. Mcgregors six assumptions of theory y and his ideas of integrating individual and organization goals are congruent with the main planks in. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness. According to mcgregor, theory x seeks to promote engagement by directing, monitoring. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Mcgregor s x y theory is a natural rule for managing people. Pdf the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on. There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid. To learn more about theory x and theory y, see the article at. This article and video will explore mcgregors theory further, and. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregor s x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management.
It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x and theory y in the human side of. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Pdf theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia. Mcgregors xy theory is a salutary and simple reminder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslow s students, influenced the study of motivation with his formulation of two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature theory x and theory y the theory x management style. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and positive view of workers.
In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. May 05, 2018 douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. The points given below are substantial, so far as the difference between theory x and theory y is concerned. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. This theory was developed by douglas mcgregor in 1950s at mit. Jul 08, 2017 the points given below are substantial, so far as the difference between theory x and theory y is concerned. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Furthermore, there is a certain amount of confusion around the underlying principles of the theories.
The two theories are sets of propositions and beliefs about human nature. Pdf on nov 1, 2017, mohammad saiful islam and others published application of mcgregor s theory x and theory y. Theory x assumes that people dislike work and must be coerced, controlled, and directed toward organizational goals. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples.
So, in place of theory x mcgregor proposed a new theory broadly recognized as theory. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Mcgregor s ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Conversely, mcgregor saw theory y managers as those that hold assumptions that. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of.
Contentsadvantages of theory x and ydisadvantages of theory x and ydifference between theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y have both their advantages and disadvantages, though many would prefer to call them their strengths and weaknesses. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which. Theory x and theory y, given by mcgregor, are explained below with the main assumptions of each theory. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslow s students, influenced the study of motivation with his formulation of two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature theory x and theory y. These theories continue to be important even today.
Mcgregor holds the opinion that theory x assumptions about organisation, management, and man are obstacles to performance, and productivity. Theoryx and theoryy management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Theory y theory y expounds a participative style of management that is decentralized. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Mcgregors theories x and y introduction to business. Perception of management toward the employees in the banking industry of. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the theory x. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. However, modern revisions including contingency theorists argue that theory y is not essentially a progressive alternative to a dull theory x. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y. Advantages and disadvantages of theory x and y essay. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature.
Theory x and theory y of management represent two fundamental approaches to employee engagement carson, 2005. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf programpals. Pdf leadership style and organizational performance have been. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an. Nov 25, 2019 douglas mcgregors theory incorporates both internal and external motivation. Abstract what motivates you to do a great job when you go to work. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Conversely, mcgregor saw theory y managers as those that hold assumptions that workers care about the organization, will seek responsibility, and exercise self.
Although nearly 50 years have passed since mcgregor s initial formulation of theory x and theory y, the substantive validity of his theorizing on the effects of individual differences in. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Mcgregors theory is also from are one of those theories that comprise much influence on both the management and the employee. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y.
Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. A powtoon video highlighting the advantages of mcgregors theory x and y while highlighting the disadvantages of the other 3 theories. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Do you care about the goals of the organization that you work for, or do you focus more on getting a regular paycheck to bring home.
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